Logical reasoning

Deductive Logic

Given two statements you must take as true, decide which conclusion is forced. Pure deduction with invented words, so only the logic counts.

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About this test

What this test measures

This measures deductive reasoning and logical validity: following premises to a conclusion that must be true, without smuggling in assumptions. Procedures and system logic reward exactly this discipline.

How to improve your score

Take only what the premises actually state, never what seems likely from experience.
Sketch the relationships, a quick diagram or chain exposes a valid conclusion fast.
Beware reversed conditionals, if A then B does not mean if B then A.

Good to know

Draw the circles

Sketch the groups as overlapping or separate circles. The words all, no and some translate straight into how the circles sit, which makes the forced conclusion visible.

Must follow, not might

A conclusion holds only if it is true in every case where the statements are true. If you can picture one case where it fails, it does not follow, no matter how likely it seems.

Frequently asked questions

Why are the words made up?

Invented words stop real-world knowledge from biasing you. The answer depends only on the structure of the statements, which is exactly what the test measures.

What does 'must follow' mean?

A conclusion follows only if it is true in every case where both statements are true. If you can imagine a case where it is false, it does not follow.

Any tips?

Sketch the groups as overlapping or separate circles. 'All', 'No' and 'Some' translate cleanly into how the circles sit, which makes the valid conclusion obvious.

Related exercises

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Figural Series

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Figural Odd One Out

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Figural Analogies

A is to B as C is to which figure?

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