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061 ATPL subject guide

General Navigation

General Navigation is one of the subjects that most often separates high scorers from struggling students.

Subject code
061
Difficulty
Very Hard
Key topics
3

Worked example questions

Independently authored revision questions in the same multiple-choice format as the exam. Try each one before opening the answer.

Worked example: heading to steer in a direct crosswind

Required track is 270 degrees (T), TAS is 150 kt, and the wind is a direct crosswind from the north (000 blowing towards 180) at 25 kt. Using the standard closing-the-triangle drift technique, what true heading should the pilot fly? Choose one answer.

Worked example: local mean time to UTC by arc to time

An aircraft is at longitude 045 degrees East. Its local mean time is 1430. What is the UTC at that moment? Choose one answer.

What this subject asks of you

The concepts are manageable, but only if you build them layer by layer and keep the maths active.

  • What the paper tests

    Conceptual navigation maths and chart interpretation
  • Why it matters

    The paper blends geometry, chart logic, time, wind, and route-planning concepts that show up again in other ATPL subjects, especially Flight Planning.
  • Best next step

    Use timed practice and spaced recall together so weak areas come back before they decay.

Compare ATPL subject difficulty

033 Flight Planningand MonitoringVery Hard061 General NavigationVery Hard021 Airframe, Systemsand PowerplantHard022 InstrumentationHard032 PerformanceHard050 MeteorologyHard062 Radio NavigationHard081 Principles ofFlightMedium-Hard010 Air LawMedium031 Mass and BalanceMedium040 Human Performanceand LimitationsMedium071 OperationalProceduresMedium091 VFR CommunicationsEasy-Medium092 IFR CommunicationsEasy-Medium
Every ATPL subject on one scale, hardest first. This is the rating written into these guides, not an EASA pass-rate statistic.

Key topics

  • Chart projections, convergency, and route representation

  • Wind triangles, track, heading, groundspeed, and ETA logic

  • Great-circle and rhumb-line concepts plus position determination

How to study it

  1. Master the fundamental relationships first before trying to memorise advanced shortcuts.
  2. Keep mental maths and calculator workflow active with short daily drills.
  3. Link every navigation calculation to a picture, chart, or triangle so the numbers stay meaningful.

Where General Navigation candidates lose marks

Common traps

  • Jumping into long calculations without understanding what the variables represent.
  • Confusing projection properties or the conditions where each route concept matters.
  • Losing confidence and slowing down because the early algebra was not automated enough.

The hardest General Navigation exam areas

Where candidates actually lose marks in 061, and why.

  • Local mean time, standard time, and date line arithmetic

    The arc-to-time conversion is simple on its own, but stacking a standard time offset, a daylight-saving adjustment, and an International Date Line crossing into one stem means a single sign error early on flips the final answer by a whole day rather than by a few minutes.
  • Reading convergence and scale correctly on Lambert charts

    A Lambert chart's convergence is scaled by the chart's own constant of the cone, not simply the sine of latitude used for the sphere, and candidates who reuse the sphere formula on a Lambert plotting question get a plausible but wrong answer without any warning that something is off.
  • Chained triangle-of-velocities and revised ETA problems

    A single stem often asks for drift, then heading, then groundspeed, then a revised ETA in sequence, and because each answer feeds the next, one early slip, particularly getting the direction of the drift correction backwards, silently invalidates every later figure without the working ever looking wrong.

Frequently asked questions

Is General Navigation the hardest ATPL subject?

For many students it is near the top because the maths and conceptual structure need repeated practice. It becomes much easier once the core relationships are automatic.

How should I revise ATPL Navigation?

Use regular short drills, visualise every problem with a chart or triangle, and revisit the subject early and often instead of leaving it for last-minute cramming.

General Navigation topic deep dives

Free tools for this subject

Related ATPL subjects

Related guides

Turn General Navigation revision into actual practice.

The SkyStudy question bank turns General Navigation revision into practice.

Exam-style questions, mock exams, spaced repetition and progress tracking.

Subject knowledge becomes exam performance instead of passive reading.

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